Why Government Should Be Voluntarily Chosen by = Michael S. Rozeff

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Why Government Should Be Voluntarily = Chosen

by Michael S. = Rozeff
by Michael S.=20 Rozeff

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I = have earlier=20 argued that choosing one's government is a basic choice = or=20 decision right that follows from Thomas Jefferson's ideas of = rights=20 contained in the Declaration of Independence; and that = following out=20 Jefferson's reasoning we arrive at the concept of panarchy = (see here). Rights = arguments do not=20 persuade everyone. The arguments in this article make no use = of the=20 concept of rights.

The = question=20 arises: What is government? Government must be defined by = some=20 quality that it uniquely has that distinguishes it from = other things=20 that are not government. That quality has to do with = principles or=20 rules that govern action. But what rules and what actions?=20 Governments vary greatly in the scope of actions they = govern, in=20 their methods of governing, and in their relations to the = persons=20 governed.

There are all=20 sorts of governments at many levels. To simplify the = discussion, let=20 us think only of national governments associated with = States. Let us=20 suppose for a moment that the reason that these governments = vary is=20 that the nations that they rule also vary. The Russians have = their=20 form of government and the Chinese have theirs. This is, at = least in=20 part, a matter of taste. Although these governments may have = originated in conquest or in other ways, they found = stability, at=20 least in recent centuries, in ruling over amalgamations of = people=20 with some sort of identity or focal and shared points of = belief and=20 value and often religion and language. Insofar as an entire = people=20 had a say in the form of their government, that government = may=20 reflect that say. There is a kind of crude collective choice = that=20 either has been made or agreed to in some way or else = brought about=20 by force and custom, at least to some degree. I am not = saying that=20 governments come about by collective choice. I am saying = that it=20 plays a part, and that this helps explain variation among=20 governments.

In = some sense,=20 the existence of a variety of states and governments shows = that we=20 acknowledge variations of preferences for government among = large=20 aggregations of persons. But if a part of the choice of = government=20 is collective, then we should recognize also that collective = choice=20 glosses over the vast variation we have as persons by = aggregating in=20 some way over our personal preferences and beliefs. If = government is=20 government of a population of people, it suppresses the = expression=20 of preferences for government among a large range of = sub-populations=20 and sub-groups of people. One cannot logically contend that = a=20 national government rests upon the consent of the governed = without=20 simultaneously recognizing that it does not rest upon the = consent of=20 sub-groups among the governed who express preferences not to = be=20 ruled by that national government.

Despite the=20 state-by-state variation, there really are not too many = different=20 kinds of government to choose from. Yes, there is a large = difference=20 between being ruled by Mugabe and Bush. And individual = governments=20 do not all have the same mix of programs; but the fact is = that if=20 one tries to escape a land with big government and = find one=20 with small government, one is apt to have a difficult = time of=20 it without having to move out of one's native land. Choosing = a=20 government that is different from one's current one is apt = to be=20 very costly. It is even more costly to notify the world that = you=20 belong to no State or to renounce the State of your birth.=20 Governments use force to keep people under their rule. Such = force=20 includes majority rule in democracies. The costs of getting = out from=20 under the rule of force are high. Each of us is apt to go = along to=20 get along. The result is that governments tend to be more=20 homogeneous in appearance than they otherwise might be and = that our=20 choices among existing governments are not as broad as they = might=20 otherwise be.

The = point is=20 that if each of us could voluntarily choose the government = we wanted=20 without having to move or move very far away or without = having to=20 move to a foreign land, the range of government options = could only=20 rise and probably rise substantially. To put it another way, = the 8=20 million people in New York City, if given a choice of = government in=20 that region, will likely exhibit a vastly greater range of=20 preferences than the single one that they now have. They = have many=20 different ideas of what the scope of government should be, = what its=20 rules should be, how it should enforce those rules, and what = its=20 relations to those it governs should be. In a nation of 300 = million=20 people, it is obvious that there are vastly more personal=20 preferences about government than are reflected in the = existence of=20 one national government for all. Personal preferences for = different=20 kinds of governments are not finding expression in our = current=20 arrangement. We have far more choice of fruit juices and = drinks in a=20 supermarket aisle than we do of government, and yet the = choice of=20 government probably has a far greater impact on our lives = than=20 whether we choose grape or cranberry juice.

If = you think=20 that you should have your choice of cereal, or spouse, or = mode of=20 transport, or job, or religion, even if the reason is simply = that=20 this is what you want, then, by the same token, you should = have your=20 choice of government if that is what you want. In these = cases, I am=20 speaking of making peaceful choices that do not = oppress=20 others. It is not necessarily your rights that come into = this. It is=20 simply your will, that is, the expression of who you are. To = be=20 human is to act, and to act is to choose; and to choose is = to choose=20 freely (still in the sense of peacefully). I am not saying = at this=20 point that choosing and expressing your personal humanity is = a good=20 or right thing (although I believe that and say that in my=20 conclusion). I am saying that if you choose products and = services,=20 and nearly all of us do, then you logically can think of = choosing=20 government inasmuch as government purports to provide = various goods=20 and services. Phrases like "consent of the governed" and "no = taxation without representation" express this choice. Voting = is also=20 said to be an expression of this choice, and, even if it is = not in=20 reality such an expression, the idea of choosing one's = government is=20 still present in the rationales for voting.

In = general,=20 your choice of cereal disagrees with your neighbor's choice = but=20 since you each choose what you want, you each get what you = want=20 without harming each other. Choosing government can be the = same kind=20 of thing. You each can be better off by making your own = choice. At=20 present, this is not the case, and it is hard to imagine it = as a=20 reality because both you and he are now presented with only = one=20 cereal and you must both eat it, whether you like it or not. = At=20 best, you may vote for a person, the effect of your vote on = that=20 cereal being nil. This is all you and he have ever seen. You = do not=20 choose a government itself or a method of governing or rules = of=20 governing; you express yourself, to no effect, concerning a = few=20 people who may or may not run that government. An alternate = reality,=20 that you actually choose your own governance, seems quite = unnatural=20 in the present state of affairs, even though it is as = natural as the=20 fact that you and your neighbor choose different churches, = or that=20 two members of the same church choose to attend two = different=20 universities. America was inhabited by hundreds of Indian = tribes=20 with different forms of government, and even today there are = hundreds of Indian nations within the borders of the U.S.A. = If they=20 can have their governments, there is little reason why other = sub-groups cannot have theirs.

The = disagreements over government that you may have with your = neighbor=20 can be and are far greater than the disagreements over = cereal=20 because they are over more serious matters that each of you = values.=20 He may wish to make war on Iran, while you may wish to build = rockets=20 to Saturn. He may ardently desire Social Security, and you = may want=20 a strictly limited government. You may want a monarch, and = he may=20 want no government at all. The greater these differences = are, the=20 stronger the argument is that you should each have the = government of=20 your choice, for then you will each gain more from getting = what you=20 want and each of you will experience less harm by being made = to=20 endure policies with which you disagree.

But = I neither=20 want to overstate the differences among people nor make them = seem so=20 great as to render life impossible without relying on a = strong man=20 to rule over them. The existing pattern of government by = states=20 engenders and amplifies differences and plays upon = them.=20 Political leaders of states create loyalties to their states = by=20 finding and exploiting differences both between states and = within=20 states. They find and also create and encourage rival groups = and=20 play them off, one against another. Their "solutions" to = differences=20 involve force, fraud, and payoffs (economic and = psychological) that=20 make them as much indispensable as possible. They are the = exclusive=20 priests of their religion of the State which makes them and = the=20 State appear to be the indispensable means of social = cooperation and=20 economic benefits. They would have us believe that we are = unable to=20 cooperate without them and unable to work together in a = productive=20 economy. Their system of rule depends on inculcating and = educating=20 us in the belief that without them and the State, we would = be at=20 each other's throats. They pose to us an unnecessarily = restricted=20 (and thus false) range of choice: the State or chaos. They = educate=20 us to be divided and reliant upon them for our welfare. They = play=20 upon our insecurities while holding out promises of generous = amounts=20 of security at a low and reasonable price; but these are = promises=20 that they cannot keep. They are Ponzi schemes in which they = return=20 to us our own contributions after deducting large amounts = for=20 themselves and their favorites. They are schemes in which = the=20 returns produced by one segment of the population are = transferred to=20 another segment, without there being any genuine increases = in=20 returns brought about by the State and with all such = increases being=20 brought about by ourselves and made to seem as if they are = bounties=20 of the State.

Judging from=20 the frequency and severity of civil wars, it seems = conclusive that=20 disagreements over government are strong. The rulers of = ruling=20 states greet secessions and independence movements with = dismay and=20 force. They mobilize public opinion to support the State. A = typical=20 litany of rationalizations can be found here,=20 as Putin defends Russian attacks on Chechnya. Chief among = these is=20 the fear of chaos and the opposing idea that the State = brings unity,=20 strength, and order. The Framers of the U.S. Constitution = used=20 similar arguments, and this occurred immediately after a=20 confederation of states without a strong central power = defeated a=20 major European power! What does Russia, which already = occupies=20 one-seventh of the earth's land surface have to fear from = Chechnya?=20 The fear of Putin and all leaders of states is that one = concession=20 to one breakaway district or group will lead to further = concessions=20 to other groups. This position of Putin is clearly expressed = in that=20 news article. The implicit and unexpressed value is that the = State=20 of Russia must be maintained. Russia is a value in and of = itself,=20 they believe. Lincoln's glorification of Union is quite = similar. If=20 pressed, the statists like Putin do not peacefully = argue that=20 all Russians will gain by a united Russia, and still less do = they=20 offer this as a voluntary choice to Russians. = Instead, they=20 resort to force. The Chechnyans (and other breakaway groups = in other=20 lands) clearly do not see the value in remaining = under=20 Russian rule. An independence movement speaks for itself. It = expresses its own values. Those who wish to suppress it do = not. This=20 is entirely obvious. The strength and success of statist = thought is=20 evidently remarkable if something that is so obvious needs = to be=20 spelled out and emphasized. The American independence = movement that=20 broke with Great Britain expressed its own values, and they = did not=20 include submission to King George. No argument of his could = have=20 held up against the revealed preferences of the rebels who = had not=20 consented to his rule. Force is not an argument. It is what = we=20 resort to when argument fails.

The = propaganda=20 of the ruling states is so strong that it seems novel to = raise the=20 possibility of non-territorial governance, as well as = governance arrangements that cover a wider scope of = possibilities=20 that are yet to be discovered and realized. This is the idea = of=20 panarchy, namely, that there can be (as John Zube writes): = "The=20 realization of as many different and autonomous communities = as are=20 wanted by volunteers for themselves, all non-territorially=20 coexisting, side by side and intermingled, as their members = are, in=20 the same territory or even world-wide and yet separated from = each=20 other by personal laws, administrations and jurisdiction, as = different churches are or ought to be." If we maintain the = fictional=20 idea that is drummed into us by the State that we cannot = agree to=20 live side by side while having our differences, then we = cannot even=20 imagine panarchy. The State has then cut our thinking = off at=20 the root. It has replaced independent thought, voluntary and = free=20 choice, peaceful expression of personal values, and peaceful = association with others by force, fraud, fear, and = falsity.=20 The State cannot logically maintain that it is of prime = important=20 for the welfare of all of those within its borders when = persons=20 within those borders express clearly that they are worse off = being=20 ruled by that State and wish to dissociate from it. The = State's=20 force is neither persuasion nor argument nor an expression = of what a=20 dissenting person values. It is a suppression of that=20 dissent.

The = basic=20 reason why government should be voluntarily chosen is that = in this=20 way, each of us can get more of what we want and less of = what we do=20 not want. The fact that we personally disagree over what = government=20 is and should be counts as a reason why it pays us to agree = to have=20 rival governments in and on the same land (with one major = exception=20 to be noted shortly). The fact that we, to some extent, have = coalesced into different kinds of governments as in = nation-states=20 (even if the equilibrium is held together by force and = deceit),=20 counts as a demonstration that cooperation among rival = governments=20 is possible. The earth is one great territory that contains = many=20 governments within its limits. There is no reason why the = territory=20 of the United States or any government cannot contain many = more=20 independent jurisdictions, up to and including the very = smallest,=20 which is a single person. Government should be a matter of = personal=20 choice.

The = argument=20 that it pays each of us to agree to have rival governments = has one=20 important exception, namely, except for those people = who gain=20 by ruling over other people. Some of us want a government = that rules=20 other people than ourselves even when they do not = want to be=20 so ruled. Some of us not only want to tell others how to = live and=20 govern themselves, they want to force them to live in = a=20 particular way. This kind of person we may, following James=20 Ostrowski's analysis,=20 call a fascist. I quote him:

"What shall we=20 call this broad-based statist coalition? It is apparent that = there=20 are two basic political mindsets: libertarian and = fascist,=20 the latter term being used here in its colloquial sense to = mean=20 imposing your will on others. Even a more academic = definition is not=20 far from my usage. Fascism involves =91the glorification of = the state=20 and the total subordination of the individual to it. The = state is=20 defined as an organic whole into which individuals must be = absorbed=20 for their own and the state's benefit.' (Columbia = Encyclopedia,=20 6^th ed.)"

Panarchy is=20 unalterably opposed to the fascist idea, which is the=20 imposition of a government (or state) upon a person who = does not=20 want that government. The libertarian idea explained by = Ostrowski is=20 similarly unalterably opposed to the fascist idea. If the = fascists=20 do not give ground peacefully and if ways are not discovered = to get=20 out from under their rule, then there is no alternative = except for=20 the panarchists and libertarians to resort to defensive = force as the=20 American revolutionists did.

A = truly=20 American ideal is that of Jefferson, which is the voluntary = choice=20 of one's government. This ideal was radical in the = eighteenth=20 century and it is radical now. It is the idea of liberty = extended to=20 choice of government. The idea of liberty is the polar = opposite of=20 the idea of fascism. The idea of liberty has not yet been = achieved.=20 We have drifted far, far from it in the direction of = fascism.=20 Fascist ways of thought are prevalent in America, so much so = that=20 the resurgence of liberty seems at times but a dream. And = yet=20 liberty will prevail because the fascist idea is = basically an=20 evil idea inasmuch as, among other things, it suppresses = humanity=20 and human beings. Fascism rules by force and fraud, but it = will not=20 withstand exposure to truth or to the aspirations of living = life=20 fully that are within each and every human being. The latter = statements are value-laden. In neutral terms, the same idea = can be=20 expressed as follows. There are very large opportunities = present=20 when people are suppressed and unable to achieve their = preferred=20 values. The people can achieve much higher returns by = re-organizing=20 and removing the suppression. The system in place that = suppresses=20 these values and returns maintains itself because there are = high=20 costs of effecting the change. Sooner or later, however, the = good=20 people of this world will find ways to lower those costs in = order to=20 get the returns. They will end or at least reduce the = domination of=20 the fascists.

Many of us are being held captive = by the=20 State under a government that we do not prefer. I refer, not = just to=20 libertarians or anarchists or minarchists or greens or = socialists or=20 democrats or republicans or any political classification, = narrow or=20 broad, but to all of us who are not fascists. Instead = of=20 combating each other, we should recognize that we are = all=20 prisoners being held in the same prison. Our common enemy is = the=20 fascist who refuses to allow us the freedom to choose our = own=20 governments. Our common enemy is the fascist who insists on = herding=20 us all into the same wars and the same programs under the = same rules=20 enforced by a monopoly government. And when we succumb to = the=20 temptation to make the other guy have the kind of government = that we=20 demand, then we become the fascist.

Let = us demand=20 our liberty and free ourselves from fascist thinking, no = matter what=20 our political persuasion is. Let us understand that this = means not=20 imprisoning others within the walls of our own parochial = beliefs by=20 the fetters of a national monopoly government or any other = monopoly=20 government. Let us understand that we cannot have our = liberty=20 without the other fellow having his. Let us recognize that = our enemy=20 really is the fascist idea of "imposing your will on = others." As=20 soon as we attempt to rule others and attempt to bring about = a=20 system in which our views prevail and prevent others = from=20 choosing, we contribute to our own defeat. We are = imprisoning=20 ourselves and allying ourselves with the fascists. We are=20 intolerantly dis-allowing the voluntary choice of=20 government.

January 2,=20 2009

Michael S. Rozeff = [send him mail] is a = retired=20 Professor of Finance living in East Amherst, New=20 York.

Michael S.=20 Rozeff Archives=20

Back to LewRockwell.com Home=20 Page

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_uOsr[29]=3D"netsprint"; _uOkw[29]=3D"q";=0A= _uOsr[30]=3D"google.interia"; _uOkw[30]=3D"q";=0A= _uOsr[31]=3D"szukacz"; _uOkw[31]=3D"q";=0A= _uOsr[32]=3D"yam"; _uOkw[32]=3D"k";=0A= _uOsr[33]=3D"pchome"; _uOkw[33]=3D"q";=0A= _uOsr[34]=3D"kvasir"; _uOkw[34]=3D"searchExpr";=0A= _uOsr[35]=3D"sesam"; _uOkw[35]=3D"q";=0A= _uOsr[36]=3D"ozu"; _uOkw[36]=3D"q";=0A= _uOsr[37]=3D"terra"; _uOkw[37]=3D"query";=0A= _uOsr[38]=3D"nostrum"; _uOkw[38]=3D"query";=0A= _uOsr[39]=3D"mynet"; _uOkw[39]=3D"q";=0A= _uOsr[40]=3D"ekolay"; _uOkw[40]=3D"q";=0A= _uOsr[41]=3D"search.ilse"; _uOkw[41]=3D"search_for";=0A= _uOsr[42]=3D"bing"; _uOkw[42]=3D"q";=0A= =0A= //-- Auto/Organic Keywords to Ignore=0A= var _uOno=3Dnew Array();=0A= //_uOno[0]=3D"urchin";=0A= //_uOno[1]=3D"urchin.com";=0A= //_uOno[2]=3D"www.urchin.com";=0A= =0A= //-- Referral domains to Ignore=0A= var _uRno=3Dnew Array();=0A= //_uRno[0]=3D".urchin.com";=0A= =0A= //-- **** Don't modify below this point ***=0A= var = 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path=3D"+_utcp+";"+_udo;=0A= } else if (f=3D=3D2) {=0A= a=3D_uFixA(s,"&",_ust);=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utma=3D"+a+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+nx+_udo;=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmb=3D"+_udh+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+x+_udo;=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmc=3D"+_udh+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+_udo;=0A= _ufns=3D1;=0A= } else if (a>=3D0 && b>=3D0 && c>=3D0) {=0A= b =3D _uGC(dc,"__utmb=3D"+_udh,";");=0A= b =3D ("-" =3D=3D b) ? _udh : b; =0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmb=3D"+b+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+x+_udo;=0A= } else {=0A= if (a>=3D0) a=3D_uFixA(_ubd.cookie,";",_ust);=0A= else {=0A= a=3D_udh+"."+_uu+"."+_ust+"."+_ust+"."+_ust+".1";=0A= nv=3D1;=0A= }=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utma=3D"+a+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+nx+_udo;=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmb=3D"+_udh+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+x+_udo;=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmc=3D"+_udh+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+_udo;=0A= _ufns=3D1;=0A= }=0A= if (_ulink && xx && xx!=3D"" && xx!=3D"-") {=0A= xx=3D_uUES(xx);=0A= if (xx.indexOf(";")=3D=3D-1) _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmx=3D"+xx+"; = path=3D"+_utcp+";"+nx+_udo;=0A= }=0A= if (_ulink && v && v!=3D"" && v!=3D"-") {=0A= v=3D_uUES(v);=0A= if (v.indexOf(";")=3D=3D-1) _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmv=3D"+v+"; = path=3D"+_utcp+";"+nx+_udo;=0A= }=0A= var wc=3Dwindow;=0A= var c=3D_ubd.cookie;=0A= if(wc && wc.gaGlobal && wc.gaGlobal.dh=3D=3D_udh){=0A= var g=3Dwc.gaGlobal;=0A= var ua=3Dc.split("__utma=3D"+_udh+".")[1].split(";")[0].split(".");=0A= if(g.sid)ua[3]=3Dg.sid;=0A= if(nv>0){=0A= ua[2]=3Dua[3];=0A= if(g.vid){=0A= var v=3Dg.vid.split(".");=0A= ua[0]=3Dv[0];=0A= ua[1]=3Dv[1];=0A= }=0A= }=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utma=3D"+_udh+"."+ua.join(".")+"; = path=3D"+_utcp+";"+nx+_udo;=0A= }=0A= _uInfo(page);=0A= _ufns=3D0;=0A= _ufno=3D0;=0A= if (!page || page=3D=3D"") _uff=3D1;=0A= }=0A= function _uGH() {=0A= var hid;=0A= var wc=3Dwindow;=0A= if (wc && wc.gaGlobal && wc.gaGlobal.hid) {=0A= hid=3Dwc.gaGlobal.hid;=0A= } else {=0A= hid=3DMath.round(Math.random()*0x7fffffff);=0A= if (!wc.gaGlobal) wc.gaGlobal=3D{};=0A= wc.gaGlobal.hid=3Dhid;=0A= }=0A= return hid;=0A= }=0A= function _uInfo(page) {=0A= var p,s=3D"",dm=3D"",pg=3D_udl.pathname+_udl.search;=0A= if (page && page!=3D"") pg=3D_uES(page,1);=0A= _ur=3D_ubd.referrer;=0A= if (!_ur || _ur=3D=3D"") { _ur=3D"-"; }=0A= else {=0A= dm=3D_ubd.domain;=0A= if(_utcp && _utcp!=3D"/") dm+=3D_utcp;=0A= p=3D_ur.indexOf(dm);=0A= if ((p>=3D0) && (p<=3D8)) { _ur=3D"0"; }=0A= if (_ur.indexOf("[")=3D=3D0 && = _ur.lastIndexOf("]")=3D=3D(_ur.length-1)) { _ur=3D"-"; }=0A= }=0A= s+=3D"&utmn=3D"+_uu;=0A= if (_ufsc) s+=3D_uBInfo();=0A= if (_uctm) s+=3D_uCInfo();=0A= if (_utitle && _ubd.title && _ubd.title!=3D"") = s+=3D"&utmdt=3D"+_uES(_ubd.title);=0A= if (_udl.hostname && _udl.hostname!=3D"") = s+=3D"&utmhn=3D"+_uES(_udl.hostname);=0A= if (_usample && _usample !=3D 100) s+=3D"&utmsp=3D"+_uES(_usample);=0A= s+=3D"&utmhid=3D"+_uGH();=0A= s+=3D"&utmr=3D"+_ur;=0A= s+=3D"&utmp=3D"+pg;=0A= if ((_userv=3D=3D0 || _userv=3D=3D2) && _uSP()) {=0A= var i=3Dnew Image(1,1);=0A= i.src=3D_ugifpath+"?"+"utmwv=3D"+_uwv+s;=0A= 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