Reason Magazine

What's=20 the Matter With Chicago?

and Seattle and New York and Boston...?

July 9, 2008

On May 15, 2008, a goose graced the right side of the Chicago=20 Sun-Times=92 front page, poking its beak into the paper=92s = masthead over the=20 headline =93Back on the Menu.=94 The day before, the Chicago Board of = Aldermen had,=20 by a vote of 37 to 6, repealed the city=92s notorious foie gras ban, a = 2006 animal=20 rights=96inspired ordinance that came to symbolize the City of Broad = Shoulders=92=20 remarkable transformation into the country=92s biggest wet nurse of a=20 metropolis.

Legalizing goose liver p=E2t=E9 was a rare moment of good news and = sanity in an=20 odious national trend that Chicago has been setting for the rest of the = nation.=20 From New York to Los Angeles, from the People=92s Republic of Cambridge = to the=20 west Texas town of El Paso, city governments are using and abusing their = authority to tell the rest of us how to live. Two decades of healthy = economies=20 and dropping crime rates have given many city councils the luxury of = worrying=20 about less urgent issues, from the last wisps of secondhand smoke to the = discomfort of fatted geese. So even while self-styled progressives in = Seattle,=20 San Francisco, and Boston take a more relaxed approach to sex and pot, = they=92ve=20 adopted increasingly restrictive laws regarding alcohol, tobacco, and = junk food.=20 It may be easier to smoke a joint today than it was 20 years ago (except = in New=20 York City=97see below), but it=92s getting much more difficult to enjoy = a legal=20 cigarette.

Public health measures tend to be less harsh than criminal laws: Drug = bans=20 are enforced by scary SWAT teams, trans fat bans by geeky health = inspectors. But=20 Denver Post columnist David Harsanyi, author of The Nanny=20 State (and of our entry below for Denver), argues that public = health=20 measures may be more successful at limiting individual choice, because = they=20 target suppliers. =93Public-health nannyism is more pernicious,=94 he = says. =93Neither=20 brand of nannyism can truly be enforced=97a market is a market, after = all. But=20 when government deputizes owners to enforce laws, it streamlines the = process. It=20 unfairly punishes business owners for the actions of individuals. Even = worse,=20 it=92s corrosive to other liberties, including property rights and = freedom of=20 association.=94

To find the best and worst cities for exercising personal freedom,=20 reason ranked the 35 most populous municipalities in = the United=20 States in eight areas: alcohol, tobacco, sex, guns, gambling, drugs, = freedom of=20 movement, and a catch-all category of food and =93other.=94 Within each = category, we=20 looked at criteria ranging from helmet laws to restrictions on alcohol = sales to=20 how aggressively police target recreational activities such as drug use, = prostitution, and gambling. (We used proxies for the last = category=97figuring, for=20 example, that a high number of prostitutes advertising openly on = Craigslist=20 suggests lax enforcement in that area.) The higher a city=92s score, the = more=20 restrictive it is. The rankings are presented from worst to best. After = each=20 city=92s entry, we=92ve included how that city stacked up against the = other 34 in=20 each of the eight major categories.

35) CHICAGO

Chicago wins the booby prize for most meddlesome metropolis by a wide = margin.=20 After more than a century of Big Apple envy, the Second City now has the = honor=20 of finally beating New York in at least one contest.

Chicago finished in the bottom half of all eight categories. The = Windy City=92s=20 litany of meddlesome laws range from a tax on bottled water to a ban on = serving=20 alcohol at all-nude strip clubs. Local gun controls and a public smoking = ban are=20 among the most restrictive in the country. (That smoky Chicago blues = joint of=20 yore is now just a movie clich=E9.) There=92s a primary seat belt law, = meaning=20 motorists can be pulled over for not buckling up, and a ban on using = cell phones=20 while driving. The city is second only to New York in the use of = surveillance=20 cameras in public spaces and has more red light cameras than any = metropolis in=20 the country.

Shortly after taking office in 1989, Mayor Richard Daley blew the = dust off an=20 ancient ordinance allowing individual city precincts to vote themselves = dry.=20 Today, nearly one quarter of Chicago=92s precincts are alcohol-free; the = number of=20 Chicago taverns has dropped from some 7,000 in the late 1940s to just = over 1,300=20 today.

The place Carl Sandburg once praised for being =93stormy, husky, = brawling=94 and=20 =93a tall bold slugger set vivid against the little soft cities=94 has = gone soft,=20 even soggy, like the last bites of a chili-and-cheese-soaked sausage = dog. =93That=20 reputation is long gone,=94 says Doug Sohn, owner of Hot Dougs, the = city=92s locally=20 famous purveyor of encased meats. Sohn has the distinction of being the = only=20 restaurateur in Chicago to be fined for violating the foie gras ban=97a = citation=20 that may have had something to do with his decision to name a duck meat = and foie=20 gras sausage sandwich after Alderman Joe Moore, the sponsor of the goose = liver=20 prohibition.

But the repeal of the foie gras ban doesn=92t herald a freer future. = The same=20 week Chicago reversed the ban, the Board of Aldermen considered a law = that would=20 require all pet owners to sterilize their dogs and cats, an overreaction = to a=20 pit bull attack on a woman one month earlier. And after a year in which = the=20 city=92s notoriously rough-around-the-edges police department endured a = series of=20 high-profile shootings, beatings, and allegations of corruption, the = city=20 council addressed these problems by considering a bill that would...give = overweight cops a nutritionist and personal trainer.

Sohn says this is typical of the way the Aldermen operate. =93The = board thinks,=20 =91This is our job; we pass laws,=92=94 he says. =93The trans fat ban, = the smoking=20 ban=97these are easy problems to look like you=92re solving. It=92s = easy, it=92s=20 elitist, it=92s black and white. People don=92t like smoking, so let=92s = ban it.=20 Chicago is the fattest city in the country, so let=92s attack = McDonald=92s with a=20 trans fat ban. The knee-jerk stuff is a good way to look like you=92re = leading.=20 It=92s much more difficult to fix something like the broken sewer and = street=20 systems=97why we have so many potholes.=94

While the aldermen are fond of legislating health, the city is also = subject=20 to laws passed by the more conservative Illinois legislature. Chicago = gets moral=20 prudery and public health fanaticism=97the worst of both = worlds.

But personal freedom hasn=92t totally suffocated. =93There are black = and gray=20 markets in Chicago for all of these categories,=94 says Dan Miller of = the free=20 market Heartland Institute. =93These are funny sorts of restrictions. = For every=20 prohibition you=92ve named, there are ways around them. Everyone knew = where to get=20 foie gras when it was banned. You can find poker and dice games all over = the=20 city. The newspapers are filled with ads for escort services. Just = don=92t flout=20 the laws openly, and you=92re going to be fine.=94

=97 Radley Balko

Sex: 23 Tobacco: 34=20 Alcohol: 27 Guns: 33

Movement: 26 Drugs: 19=20 Gambling: 24 Food/Other: 28

34) SEATTLE

Seattle has always had an identity conflict. Gay bathhouses are = allowed,=20 street protests are legendary, and marijuana is, by voter initiative, = the police=20 department=92s lowest enforcement priority. Each summer a two-day event = called=20 Hempfest draws some 150,000 people who openly smoke weed in a city park = with the=20 blessings of the cops and the local government, which regards the = festival as=20 protected speech.

Yet Seattle has long had an unhealthy strain of nannyism as well. = Washington=20 was one of the first states to prohibit alcohol in the last century, and = the=20 city=92s restrictions on strip clubs and card rooms are legendary. In = the last=20 five years, the nanny impulse has gone into hyperdrive.

In 2003 Seattle banned sales of high-alcohol beers and fortified = wines in a=20 part of town popular with the homeless and street drunks. Three years = later, a=20 city report found that the ban hadn=92t reduced petty crime and street = drinking.=20 Yet Mayor Greg Nickels and the Seattle City Council slammed through = another=20 ordinance expanding the so-called =93alcohol impact area=94 to several = other=20 neighborhoods. It=92s a measure of just how contradictory paternalism = gets in=20 Seattle that you can still walk into a bar in these neighborhoods and = buy=20 locally crafted microbrews with even higher alcohol content, albeit at a = much=20 steeper price than a 40-ouncer.

In 2005 a state ballot initiative banned smoking in all public = places. Unlike=20 similar prohibitions in other cities, there are no exemptions for = tobacco=20 stores, cigar bars, or private clubs. As if that weren=92t enough, the = Washington=20 State Clean Indoor Air Act bans smoking within 25 feet of the doors, = windows=20 (closed or open), and ventilation systems of any public building. In = parts of=20 Seattle, smokers literally have to stand in the middle of the street to = comply=20 with the law.

Ironically, many Seattleites who smoke pot voted for the smoking ban. = Perhaps=20 they didn=92t look too closely at the language of the law, which = prohibits=20 =93smoking,=94 not tobacco.

The city=92s deep embrace of environmentalism and = =93sustainability=94 rhetoric=20 also has a nanny odor to it. This year, for example, Mayor Nickels = pushed the=20 state legislature to enact an excise tax on cars based on their fuel = efficiency.=20 (For a change, the idea met with a significant public backlash and = died.) But=20 one enviro law did expand local freedom a bit. City Council Member = Richard=20 Conlin last year proposed that the city license pygmy goats as pets, = partly so=20 that residents can process their yard waste in a more eco-friendly = manner. The=20 proposal became law by a unanimous vote.

=97Philip Dawdy

Sex: 9 Tobacco: 35=20 Alcohol: 35 Guns: 21

Movement: 30 Drugs: 4=20 Gambling: 20 Food/Other: 32

33) NEW YORK

New York competes with Chicago as a trailblazer for bad new ideas, = whether=20 it=92s the 2003 ban on smoking in bars and restaurants, the 2006 = decision to=20 create and maintain an active, involuntary database of the blood sugar = levels on=20 every resident diabetic, the 2007 ban on trans fats in restaurant = cooking oil,=20 or the 2008 rule that fast food chains must show calorie content on = their menus.=20 New Yorkers pay higher cigarette taxes than anyone else in the country, = $4.64=20 per pack in combined city, state, and federal excise taxes as of June. = The city=20 has some of the strictest gun control laws in the country, requiring = official=20 permission for possession of any firearm and reserving handgun carry = permits for=20 the well-connected.

Mayors Michael Bloomberg and Rudolph Giuliani alike have empowered = the=20 enormous local police force to issue arrest citations and fines to = citizens=20 guilty of trivial offenses such as sitting improperly on a milk crate. = Worst of=20 all may be the city=92s decades-long crackdown on marijuana, at a time = when other=20 municipalities from coast to coast are decriminalizing or de-emphasizing = enforcement of laws against pot possession. =93From 1997 to 2006,=94 = sociologist=20 Harry Levine and drug policy activist Deborah Small note in an April New = York=20 Civil Liberties Union report, =93the New York City Police Department = arrested and=20 jailed more than 353,000 people simply for possessing small amounts of=20 marijuana. This was eleven times more marijuana arrests than in the = previous=20 decade.=94

=97Matt Welch

Sex: 6 Tobacco: 31=20 Alcohol: 17 Guns: 26

Movement: 28 Drugs: 19=20 Gambling: 13 Food/Other: 34

32) SAN DIEGO

San Diego combines the progressive paternalism of more liberal = California=20 cities with a more strict social conservatism on drugs, sex, and even = gambling.=20 (With its recent proliferation of Indian casinos and card clubs, = California has=20 more access to gambling than any state except neighboring Nevada.) Worst = of all,=20 San Diego recently joined an unfortunate statewide trend by banning = alcohol on=20 public beaches under all circumstances.

=97R.B.

Sex: 23 Tobacco: 24=20 Alcohol: 15 Guns: 29

Movement: 32 Drugs: 15=20 Gambling: 7 Food/Other: 29

31) BOSTON

This constricting, buzz-killing mix of nanny-state liberalism and = Puritan=20 morality ranked near the bottom in most categories. Boston=92s one good = number,=20 for gambling freedom, is due mostly to the city=92s proximity to casinos = in=20 neighboring states. Last spring it outlawed trans fats in restaurants = and bottle=20 service in bars.

=97R.B.

Sex: 13 Tobacco: 28=20 Alcohol: 29 Guns: 28

Movement: 24 Drugs: 17=20 Gambling: 9 Food/Other: 25

30) EL PASO

In the bottom five for drugs, sex, and, somewhat surprisingly, = tobacco (due=20 to a stringent smoking ban and Texas=92 relatively high excise tax on=20 cigarettes).

=97R.B.

Sex: 35 Tobacco: 32=20 Alcohol: 10 Guns: 10

Movement: 10 Drugs: 31=20 Gambling: 24 Food/Other: 14

29) NASHVILLE

Four cities in this survey finished in the top 10 for tobacco and = guns but in=20 the bottom 15 for sex and alcohol: Nashville, Memphis, Indianapolis, and = Jacksonville. Add some gun restrictions, and you get Charlotte. Free up = the=20 alcohol, and you get Louisville and Kansas City. Substitute sex for = booze, and=20 you have Atlanta. And each city is within 600 miles of the Grand Ole = Opry. It=92s=20 a sort of Southeastern Conference of mixed red state liberalism=97a = mirror image=20 of the coastal San Francisco cluster of blue state nannies.

=97M.W.

Sex: 34 Tobacco: 2=20 Alcohol: 25 Guns: 4

Movement: 19 Drugs: 24=20 Gambling: 32 Food/Other: 22

28) HOUSTON

If zoning restrictions were included in this survey, Houston would = vault up=20 the list, because it famously has none. Another modern feature Space = City lacks=20 is gambling: There are just two legal gaming establishments within 50 = miles of=20 the city.

=97R.B.

Sex: 22 Tobacco: 23=20 Alcohol: 10 Guns: 10

Movement: 13 Drugs: 29=20 Gambling: 35 Food/Other: 14

27) CHARLOTTE

The least-friendly city in our survey for gays.

=97R.B.

Sex: 25 Tobacco: 2=20 Alcohol: 32 Guns: 23

Movement: 25 Drugs: 14=20 Gambling: 27 Food/Other: 7

26) PHILADELPHIA

In April, Democratic Mayor Michael Nutter signed five new gun laws = that,=20 among other things, banned certain =93assault weapons,=94 limited = handgun purchases=20 to one per month, and authorized the forcible removal of licensed guns = from=20 =93persons posing a risk of imminent personal injury=94 to anyone = (including=20 themselves). =93Almost 232 years ago, a group of concerned Americans = took matters=20 in their own hands and did what they needed to do by declaring that the = time had=20 come for a change,=94 Nutter said in front of the historic City Hall, = somehow=20 equating the declaration of an armed rebellion by citizens against their = government with a modern-day government=92s decision to disarm its = citizens. =93We=20 are going to make ourselves independent of the violence that=92s been = taking place=20 in this city for far too long.=94 The only problem: As Philadelphia = District=20 Attorney Lynne Abraham told reporters a few days later, the new laws ran = afoul=20 of the Pennsylvania constitution. =93If there are wholesale arrests = which turn out=20 to be illegal, this city is going to get its pants sued off them,=94 = Abraham said.=20 =93I cannot, as a matter of law, arrest people for illegal possession of = guns.=94

=97M.W.

Sex: 10 Tobacco: 21=20 Alcohol: 34 Guns: 25

Movement: 10 Drugs: 23=20 Gambling: 6 Food/Other: 25

25) LOS ANGELES

If there ever was a good excuse to further criminalize smoking in=20 tobacco-intolerant California, the May 2007 Griffith Park fire was it. = According=20 to fire officials, a homeless man fell asleep in a bone-dry patch of = brush on a=20 park hillside while smoking a cigarette, setting off an 800-acre inferno = that=20 torched about one-fifth of the largest urban park in the United States, = coming=20 within singeing distance of homes in the city=92s upscale Los Feliz=20 neighborhood.

Three months later, to prevent the next Griffith Park fire, the Los = Angeles=20 City Council voted to prohibit smoking in municipal parks. That is, = unless the=20 smokers promise to fatten the city=92s coffers.

The council carved out three interesting exceptions to the rule: = actors=20 shooting movies or TV shows whose producers have purchased a special = permit,=20 concertgoers attending shows in park venues (such as the Greek Theater, = which=20 came within inches of being burned in the Griffith Park fire), and = golfers at=20 city-owned courses. As an assistant general manager of the Los Angeles=20 Recreation and Parks Department explained to the Los Angeles = Times,=20 =93There is a tradition of golfers oftentimes smoking in specific areas = of a golf=20 course, and we don=92t want to have any effects on our revenue.=94

In memos written before the ordinance was passed, the parks = department=20 reminded the council that several city-owned golf shops sell cigars to = their=20 customers. So a city trying to ban smoking in the name of fire safety = sells in=20 its parks the very drug that set off one of the most devastating blazes = in L.A.=20 history.

I went to see for myself if I could buy a cigar from a city-owned = golf shop=20 in the fire-scorched Griffith Park. That hot August day, several = city-erected=20 notices reminded park visitors that the fire danger was beyond extreme, = and that=20 anyone caught smoking would pay a steep fine. So upon buying the cigar, = I asked=20 the golf shop clerk where I could legally smoke. The golf courses? No = problem.=20 Anywhere around the clubhouse was fine too, he said. But smoking = anywhere else=20 in the park would not be tolerated, he warned, as if a cigar lit by a = nongolfer=20 poses a unique danger.

=97Paul Thornton

Sex: 12 Tobacco: 24=20 Alcohol: 8 Guns: 32

Movement: 34 Drugs: 5=20 Gambling: 5 Food/Other: 33

24) INDIANAPOLIS

For decades in the black neighborhoods of Indianapolis, residents = have=20 gathered in speakeasy-style establishments for low-stakes gambling = (sometimes=20 literally for pennies), usually involving the drawing of a lottery = number. These=20 =93pea shake houses,=94 as they are known, lack the official sanction = given the=20 state lottery, licensed off-track betting, and other forms of acceptable = gambling. Unsurprisingly, they have increasingly become the target not = just of=20 local police raids but of federal racketeering investigations.

=97M.W.

Sex: 29 Tobacco: 10=20 Alcohol: 24 Guns: 7

Movement: 16 Drugs: 21=20 Gambling: 32 Food/Other: 14

23) MEMPHIS

This year Shelby County, where Memphis is located, passed an = ordinance=20 banning beer sales at strip clubs, requiring dancers to wear pasties, = mandating=20 a six-foot separation at all times between entertainers and customers, = and=20 forcing all employees of girlie bars to undergo criminal background = checks and=20 obtain permits. At press time, the rules were being challenged in = court.

=97R.B.

Sex: 32 Tobacco: 2=20 Alcohol: 25 Guns: 4

Movement: 19 Drugs: 25=20 Gambling: 21 Food/Other: 22

22) COLUMBUS

Very much like nearby Cleveland, but with fewer strip clubs.

=97R.B.

Sex: 29 Tobacco: 19=20 Alcohol: 30 Guns: 18

Movement: 13 Drugs: 13=20 Gambling: 21 Food/Other: 7

21) WASHINGTON, D.C.

D.C.=92s gun law=97recently overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court, but = the=20 district is doing its best to keep it in place anyway=97essentially bars = residents=20 from keeping firearms in the home for self-defense. Washington also has = lots of=20 traffic cameras and the country's worst seat belt laws.

=97R.B.

Sex: 7 Tobacco: 17=20 Alcohol: 20 Guns: 33

Movement: 32 Drugs: 15=20 Gambling: 18 Food/Other: 7

20) SAN FRANCISCO

The San Francisco class of cities in this survey are in the top 10 on = drugs=20 and gambling and the bottom 11 on tobacco and guns. Besides San = Francisco, they=20 include San Jose, Oakland, and Los Angeles, with Seattle and Austin = being a=20 little less friendly to gambling. Baghdad by the Bay is itself the very = best on=20 drugs=97ground zero for cannabis clubs, with a mayor who calls the drug = war an=20 =93abject failure=94=97while also being the very worst on guns and food. = The city has=20 banned plastic bags in supermarkets, levied fines against arcade owners = who=20 don=92t check IDs of young people during school hours, mandated the size = of pets'=20 water bowls, and required psychics to obtain licenses.

=97M.W.

Sex: 5 Tobacco: 30=20 Alcohol: 5 Guns: 35

Movement: 34 Drugs: 1=20 Gambling: 3 Food/Other: 35

19) OAKLAND

Oakland trails only sister city San Francisco in its lax approach to=20 enforcing drug laws, but it restricts alcohol advertising on billboards. = With 71=20 places to lay down a bet within a half tank of gas, Oakland is second = only to=20 Las Vegas in proximity to casinos, poker rooms, bingo halls, and racing = tracks.=20 Former Mayor Jerry Brown once floated the idea of a =93Twinkie tax=94 on = snack foods=20 but reconsidered after a public outcry.

=97R.B.

Sex: 13 Tobacco: 24=20 Alcohol: 18 Guns: 31

Movement: 29 Drugs: 2=20 Gambling: 2 Food/Other: 29

18) BALTIMORE

In 2006 the city of Baltimore paid a firm $500,000 to compose a town = slogan.=20 The winning phrase, =93Get in on it,=94 is notable mostly for being even = more inane=20 than the previous municipal ad campaign, which involved blanketing the = city with=20 signs saying =93Believe.=94

But at least those are efforts to persuade people rather than coerce = them.=20 They are therefore preferable to some of the other ways city leaders = spend their=20 time, such as the smoking ban they passed last year, the trans fat ban = that goes=20 into effect in 2009, and a newly proposed ban on individual sales of = cheap=20 cigars. Or, worst of all, a drug war that has only worsened the problems = associated with drug abuse. The chief effect of criminalizing chemicals = is to=20 put the chemical trade in the hands of criminals, driving up rates of = robbery=20 and murder. Wander through the Baltimore neighborhoods most ravaged by = the drug=20 war, and a more appropriate slogan will probably come to mind: not = =93Believe=94 but=20 =93Leave.=94

Still, there=92s a fair amount of tolerance here. Not touchy-feely,=20 let=92s-hold-hands-and-respect-each-other=92s-feelings tolerance. More = of a=20 sit-on-my-barstool-and-mind-my-own-business tolerance. And if you=92re = not on a=20 barstool at the moment, don=92t worry: One good thing about Baltimore is = you never=20 need to walk far to find a bar.

=97Jesse Walker

Sex: 11 Tobacco: 17=20 Alcohol: 2 Guns: 27

Movement: 22 Drugs: 18=20 Gambling: 24 Food/Other: 25

17) DALLAS

Forget the booze- and sex-soaked shenanigans portrayed in the =9280s = soap=20 Dallas. The local SWAT team here is notoriously aggressive, = with a=20 reality TV show to fill and a penchant for raiding innocent poker games. = Some=20 police abuses, however, may be changing with rise of new reformist = district=20 attorney, Craig Watkins. Unknown to many, Dallas also has a large adult=20 entertainment industry, although city officials have begun to regulate = it more=20 heavily in recent years.

=97R.B.

Sex: 8 Tobacco: 21=20 Alcohol: 14 Guns: 10

Movement: 15 Drugs: 29=20 Gambling: 34 Food/Other: 14

16) SAN JOSE

Like San Francisco, only less extreme.

=97R.B.

Sex: 16 Tobacco: 24=20 Alcohol: 6 Guns: 29

Movement: 31 Drugs: 7=20 Gambling: 3 Food/Other: 29

15) CLEVELAND

Cleveland was the first city in the country to ban alcohol and = tobacco ads on=20 city billboards. A federal court threw out the full prohibition, but = some=20 restrictions are still in place.

=97R.B.

Sex: 18 Tobacco: 19=20 Alcohol: 33 Guns: 19

Movement: 18 Drugs: 11=20 Gambling: 15 Food/Other: 7

14) PHOENIX

If harassment of suspected illegal immigrants were measured in this = list, the=20 stomping grounds of Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio would rank dead = last.

=97M.W.

Sex: 20 Tobacco: 29=20 Alcohol: 22 Guns: 3

Movement: 17 Drugs: 27=20 Gambling: 14 Food/Other: 7

13) AUSTIN

A blue city in a red state, Austin has largely adopted the better = policies of=20 each. It does have a comprehensive smoking ban, but it=92s also the only = city in=20 Texas to take advantage of a state law allowing local governments to = issue=20 citations instead of making arrests for marijuana possession. According = to=20 city-data.com, an Austin ZIP code has more bars than any other ZIP code = in the=20 country=97one for every 48 people. The second-place ZIP code, in New = York City,=20 had one bar per 735 people.

=97R.B.

Sex: 25 Tobacco: 32=20 Alcohol: 9 Guns: 10

Movement: 9 Drugs: 8=20 Gambling: 31 Food/Other: 14

12) SAN ANTONIO

San Antonio regulates sex more than other Texas cities do, but it is=20 winningly reluctant to embrace lucrative red light cameras. It also = benefits=20 from the state's reluctance to pass for-your-own-good seat belt and = motorcycle=20 helmet laws. Although San Antonio passed an ordinance allowing private=20 organizations to run needle exchange programs for heroin users, the = local chief=20 prosecutor has nonetheless been arresting volunteers=97 for distributing = drug=20 paraphernalia.

=97R.B.

Sex: 33 Tobacco: 13=20 Alcohol: 10 Guns: 10

Movement: 3 Drugs: 26=20 Gambling: 28 Food/Other: 14

11) FT. WORTH

The freest of the six Texas cities in our survey, Fort Worth achieved = that=20 distinction mostly by not surpassing the state legislature's existing=20 restrictions on vice and by so far forgoing automated traffic = enforcement=20 cameras.

=97R.B.

Sex: 19 Tobacco: 13=20 Alcohol: 10 Guns: 10

Movement: 8 Drugs: 31=20 Gambling: 30 Food/Other: 14

10) DETROIT

A case study in the folly of highly restrictive gun laws. Tight = controls on=20 alcohol sales, advertising, and consumption haven=92t done much to = vindicate the=20 less booze-equals-less-crime crowd either. In 2005 scandal-plagued Mayor = Kwame=20 Kilpatrick tried to fill the city=92s $300 million budget deficit with a = regressive =93fat tax=94 on fast food. A wave of national ridicule = convinced him to=20 back off.

=97R.B.

Sex: 15 Tobacco: 16=20 Alcohol: 31 Guns: 24

Movement: 23 Drugs: 11=20 Gambling: 10 Food/Other: 1

9) ATLANTA

Breaks into the top 10 largely because of its surprisingly bustling = sex=20 industry. Browse the =93erotic services=94 pages of Craigslist (all part = of our=20 research), and you=92ll see that Atlanta has more advertised prostitutes = per=20 capita than any city outside of Las Vegas. The Jewel of the South is = third in=20 strip clubs per capita and is the most gay-friendly big city south of = the=20 Mason-Dixon line. It also benefits from the conservative Georgia = legislature=92s=20 fondness for guns and tobacco.

On the other hand, the city finished dead last in the drug category = because=20 of the aggressiveness with which it enforces prohibition. That may be = changing a=20 bit: After a botched November 2006 drug raid resulted in the death of a=20 92-year-old woman, a subsequent investigation revealed rampant police = perjury=20 and cover-ups. The city has since fired or reassigned its entire = narcotics=20 force.

=97R.B.

Sex: 2 Tobacco: 7 = Alcohol:=20 28 Guns: 9

Movement: 21 Drugs: 35=20 Gambling: 28 Food/Other: 1

8) JACKSONVILLE

The epitome of red state freedom: lax in regulating the guns, = tobacco, and=20 calorie-dense food that public health advocates abhor while remaining = moralistic=20 on sex and drugs. Where left and right tend to blur=97on issues like = alcohol,=20 gambling, and surveillance cameras=97Jacksonville finishes in the = middle.

=97R.B.

Sex: 25 Tobacco: 7=20 Alcohol: 21 Guns: 6

Movement: 12 Drugs: 27=20 Gambling: 16 Food/Other: 1

7) PORTLAND

The biggest West Coast metropolis between San Francisco and Seattle = has held=20 onto a sense of personal freedom that its once-wacky neighbors have = forgotten,=20 keeping a hands-off approach to food and tobacco while recognizing that = guns are=20 useful for things other than shooting elk.

=97R.B.

Sex: 4 Tobacco: 11=20 Alcohol: 22 Guns: 22

Movement: 27 Drugs: 3=20 Gambling: 18 Food/Other: 7

6) MILWAUKEE

When the fictional town of Springfield was deemed the =93fattest city = in the=20 U.S.=94 on The Simpsons, Homer Simpson retorted, =93In your = face,=20 Milwaukee!=94 Truth be told, despite its kielbasa reputation, Milwaukee = isn=92t all=20 that fat: Since 2000 Milwaukee has made periodic appearances among the = 25=20 fittest cities in annual rankings by Men=92s Health = magazine.=20 The food nannies should be disappointed to learn that Milwaukee shared = the top=20 spot on our list of food freedom with several cities (including = fitness-crazed=20 Denver) that have apparently discovered other routes to good health = besides=20 regulation. No soda tax, no trans fat ban, no snack tax=97and the = city=92s fit. Brew=20 City does finish a disappointing 19th when it comes to alcohol, but = Milwaukee=92s=20 pro-freedom approach to drug enforcement (including decriminalization of = pot=20 possession) helps bump the city to a very respectable sixth place = overall.

=97R.B.

Sex: 31 Tobacco: 5=20 Alcohol: 19 Guns: 17

Movement: 3 Drugs: 9=20 Gambling: 23 Food/Other: 1

5) KANSAS CITY

The state of Missouri has some of the laxest alcohol regulations in = America,=20 including a law that actually forbids local governments from passing = public=20 intoxication ordinances. Kansas City has a proud history of thumbing its = nose at=20 teetotalers: Not only did local officials arrest the famed axe-wielding=20 prohibitionist Carrie Nation, but they forbade her from ever setting = foot in=20 Missouri again. Thanks to a political machine rooted in bootlegging, not = a=20 single resident was charged with a felony violation of the Volstead Act = during=20 Prohibition.

=97R.B.

Sex: 21 Tobacco: 1=20 Alcohol: 3 Guns: 2

Movement: 1 Drugs: 34=20 Gambling: 16 Food/Other: 22

4) LOUISVILLE

They like their bourbon in Kentucky, where excise taxes on alcohol = are among=20 the lowest in the United States. Kentucky is also tobacco country, so = cigarette=20 taxes are minuscule too. Still, Louisville has succumbed to the smoking = ban fad,=20 preventing its tobacco ranking from rising higher. Louisville is tops in = gun=20 freedom, and the town=92s love of horse racing (and the wagering that = goes with=20 it) vaults Derby City to a surprisingly strong fourth place = overall=97just out of=20 the money.

=97R.B.

Sex: 25 Tobacco: 6=20 Alcohol: 1 Guns: 1

Movement: 7 Drugs: 31=20 Gambling: 12 Food/Other: 14

3) DENVER

Often the relevant question isn=92t where you are but where you=92re = headed. And=20 Denver, alas, is moving in the same godforsaken direction as the rest of = the=20 country. Safety, economic and social =93justice,=94 the children, the = environment,=20 the pets (unless we=92re talking about pit bulls, a breed banned from = city=20 limits)=97all of them trump individual freedom.

Even when Denver technically becomes freer, we lose. In recent years = Denver=20 citizens have passed two ballot initiatives liberalizing marijuana laws, = one=20 legalizing small amounts of pot and another declaring possession the = city=92s=20 lowest law enforcement priority. Yet the authorities ignore these = initiatives,=20 continuing to prosecute pot smokers under state and federal law.

Denver already adheres to a strict statewide smoking ban prohibiting = smoking=20 in all restaurants. This isn=92t enough for state lawmakers, who have = been eyeing=20 cigar bars and casinos as well. Stifling economic controls and zoning = laws make=20 it an ordeal to start and operate any small business. Local campaign = finance=20 laws are already so restrictive that even a modest neighborhood = organization=20 must register with the government or be sued. Noise ordinances give = police free=20 rein to pull over motorcyclists. As an environmentally conscious yet = arid city,=20 Denver tightly controls water use, but also requires you to keep your = lawn in=20 tiptop shape if you want to avoid a fine.

In the suburbs, schools have been banning such perilous activities as = mixed-gender hugging and schoolyard tag. Local governments are = considering=20 legislation to regulate house sizes and help fund a =93hate hotline=94 = so those with=20 finely tuned awareness can snitch on neighbors should a tasteless joke = slip from=20 their mouths.

Denver is one of the freest cities in the country? That=92s dreadful = news for=20 the rest of you suckers.

=96David Harsanyi

Sex: 17 Tobacco: 15=20 Alcohol: 6 Guns: 20

Movement: 5 Drugs: 6=20 Gambling: 11 Food/Other: 1

2) MIAMI

If your love of liberty is greater than your distaste for loud noise = (and=20 clothes), Miami gets the red state/blue state thing just about right. = Miami=20 melds Florida=92s conservative guns =92n=92 smokes freedom with the = licentiousness you=20 might expect from a cosmopolitan port uniting North and South American = culture.=20 Miami finished in the top half of every major category in our survey = except=20 drugs=97and that=92s less a matter of the city=92s own approach to the = drug war than=20 of draconian state laws and a heavy federal presence. Miami is = gay-friendly and=20 sex-friendly, leading the nation in strip clubs per capita. The Florida=20 legislature is hands-off when it comes to tobacco and food regulation, = and it=20 has forbidden local governments from installing traffic cameras.

=97R.B.

Sex: 3 Tobacco: 7 = Alcohol:=20 16 Guns: 8

Movement: 1 Drugs: 22=20 Gambling: 7 Food/Other: 1

1) LAS VEGAS

What=92s there to say? Las Vegas is the wildest city in America=92s = most tolerant=20 state, and Mayor Oscar Goodman wants to make the place even freer. He = supports=20 legalizing prostitution in Vegas (the oldest profession is currently = legal only=20 in Nevada counties with fewer than 400,000 residents), and is the = antithesis of=20 a nanny: When a fourth-grader asked him what he=92d take to a deserted = island,=20 Goodman said a show girl and a bottle of gin.

Alcohol restrictions are virtually nonexistent, gambling is a=20 cajillion-dollar industry, and the city=92s official tourism slogan = hints at=20 forbidden pleasures around every corner. Vegas might not be everyone=92s = paradise,=20 but its libertinism isn=92t exactly chasing residents away: The city = continues to=20 make huge leaps in population, and surrounding Clark County is one of = the=20 fastest growing counties in the country.

=97R.B.

Sex: 1 Tobacco: 11=20 Alcohol: 4 Guns: 16

Movement: 6 Drugs: 10=20 Gambling: 1 Food/Other: 7

How We Did the Rankings

Sex: number of prostitutes per capita who advertise = on=20 Craigslist; number of strip clubs per capita; gay-friendliness, based on = rankings from several gay publications; adult entertainment regulations, = as=20 determined by the Association of Club Executives

Tobacco: excise taxes on cigarettes; smoking=20 restrictions

Alcohol: excise taxes on beer, wine, and = liquor;=20 restrictions on happy hours and operating hours; state ownership of = liquor=20 stores; restrictions on alcohol advertising; bans on minor consumption = even with=20 a parent=92s permission; restrictiveness of drunk driving laws (e.g., = laws so=20 strict they impede social drinking); restrictions on alcohol = advertising; blue=20 laws and similar restrictions

Guns: restrictiveness of gun laws, as = determined by=20 data from the National Rifle Association, Gun Owners of America, and the = Brady=20 Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence

Movement: number of traffic cameras; seat belt, = motorcycle helmet, and cell phone laws

Drugs: compendium of rankings and data from the = Marijuana Policy Project, the Drug Policy Alliance, and the National=20 Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws

Gambling: restrictions on social gambling, = poker,=20 bingo, and charity gambling; number of casinos, poker rooms, horse or = dog=20 tracks, bingo halls, or other gambling venues within a 180-mile radius = of the=20 city

Food/Other: trans fat bans; menu labeling laws; = food=20 labeling laws; taxes on soda or snacks; laws protecting the food = industry from=20 obesity lawsuits; foie gras bans; breed-specific dog bans; pet codes; = cabaret=20 laws; onerous =93livability=94 laws; any other notable laws of a = paternalistic=20 nature

Correction: This is an expanded and corrected = version of=20 an article that ran in the August/September issue of=20 reason. The printed version contained a tabulation = error=20 that resulted in several cities being listed with an incorrect rank. = Also,=20 according to the most recent Census data available at the time of = publication,=20 Oklahoma City, Tucson, Albuquerque, and Fresno should have replaced = Miami,=20 Kansas City, Oakland, and Cleveland for consideration. Further, = information=20 about El Paso County, Colorado was mistakenly transposed to El Paso = County,=20 Texas; prohibitionist Carrie Nation=92s first name was = misspelled, and a=20 Carl Sandburg quotation about Chicago was misattributed to Robert=20 Frost.

Reason needs your support. Please donate = today!

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Try=20 Reason's award-winning print edition today! Your first issue is FREE if = you are=20 not completely satisfied.

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